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反思你麻痹,如果连反思的意思都搞错了你还反思个屁。
求真务实
留学咨询专家菊叔王觉菊
Thu, 02/07/2019 - 07:30
有句广为流传的著名哲学家苏格拉底(柏拉图的师傅)的话被翻译成“未经反思的人生,是不值得过的”。
因为我对那些劝人该怎么过日子的话总是抱有一种不屑,理由如下:
真探 里的人,都有自己的原生问题,都有想让自己孩子没有原生问题的执念。
我还是对第一季里面rust说的,“人类的自我意识是进化的错误”很欣赏。也是这句话让我喜欢上了这个剧。做一个悲观的现实主义者。这个和我一直认为的人类将自己毁灭自己的想法一致。
第一季里还有一句,“法律很多时候制裁不了真的坏人,只有比他们更坏,才能做到。” 法法何物很重要。
第二季里面,有句台词我更欣赏,最坏(罪恶)的你,也许也是最佳的你。联系上面两个看,就很容易理解了。
很多人推崇哈佛大学的两门公开课,一门是幸福,一门是公正。我觉得先要define什么是幸福,什么是公正,但是这两个东西都是很个人的,如果无所属,那么就没有必要存在和考虑了。
所以,用所谓道德或者价值去衡量或者评价(judge)一个人,是幼稚的人才做的。记得有句话说,如果你不知道我过的什么日子,就不要劝我该怎么过。
所以,“生而为人,我劝你善良”,这句话就很讽刺。每个人的正义与幸福都是属于其自身的,其自身由其经历决定。所以,不要judge人,也不要在意人的judge。
早安,象年快乐!
所以,我对于这句说要反思人生的话,也是挺不爽的。但是,既然是大先贤苏格拉底的话,就不得不给予必要的尊重,好好看看他到底是啥意思了。
所以,我就想看看他这句话的原文是啥意思。因为我一直对于舶来品的中译抱有一种狐疑的态度,因为我知道一般的中译都是被扭曲和译者添加了自己的一些妄想的。比如说前清著名半吊子报纸译者严复,就严重扭曲了达尔文的进化论。导致了中国人热衷于社会达尔文主义和喜欢用丛林法则来做事,而且,还有些傻逼喜欢用这种法则衍生出来的话“you can you up,no can no bb”来堵别人批评的嘴,强者不光食弱不眨眼,还要剥夺弱者批评和发声及思考的权利。其实呢,批评是一种权利,并不需要什么资格。但凡我们鼓励一个人要有独立思维,我们就不能限制ta批评的权利。这是很自然的事情。不能说,你可以有不同意见,但是要和上级或者强者统一表达。这不就是在思想范畴的赤裸裸的恃强凌弱嘛。还谈什么言论自由,思维独立呢?
实际上,我对于这句中译的表达从语法上看就是觉得挺搞笑的。未经反思的人生,是不值得过的。但是,人生这个玩意儿,如果你不曾经过,又怎么反思?你不去过,又拿什么来反思呢?所以,这么自相矛盾的话,竟然被当做经典,这么直观的语言上的逻辑矛盾,竟然还被人奉为圭宝。
所以,显然像苏格拉底这样的大智慧家,希腊神谕最有智慧的人,是不会说出这么蠢的话来的。
于是我就想查一查这句话到底原话是什么。
于是,我就在维基语录上找到了 https://zh.wikiquote.org/zh-sg/%E8%98%87%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95 这句话的英文译文和希腊原文:
未经反思自省的人生没有意义。
原文:εἰδέναι μὲν μηδὲν πλὴν αὐτὸ τοῦτο .
英译:The unexamined life is not worth living.
出处:《自辩辞》,柏拉图记录,原文为第三人称。
所以,还是这个什么反思自省么?于是我就又谷歌了一下这个英文句子“The unexamined life is not worth living” ,于是我就看到了馮睎乾对这句话的解读(https://hk.lifestyle.appledaily.com/lifestyle/columnist/%E9%A6%AE%E7%9D%8E%E4%B9%BE/daily/article/20180216/20306704 ),我觉得还是有点道理的。
面臨死刑的威脅,蘇格拉底的自辯有一段話大意是:「有人或許會說:『阿蘇,你何不遠走高飛,閉上嘴巴,安靜地活下去呢?』我的理由其實很難令你們相信:我不是矯情,像他所說的那樣做,才是不服神明,所以我也無法安靜。」接下來的幾句最關鍵,我必須逐字翻譯:「若我說,天天談說美德及其他你們聽到(akouete)我討論、並向自己和他人審問查考(exetazontos)的事物,就是人生至善,而沒有審問查考的(anexetastos)人生就不值得活,你們就更難以置信了。」譯者通常以「unexamined」或「未經審視的」來翻譯anexetastos,其實很不準確,因為anexetastos這形容詞,是對應前一句動詞exetazontos(意思是查考、檢驗),兩字也同源,所以anexetastos的意思在這兒並非被動的unexamined,而是「欠缺主動的檢驗」,且檢驗的對象不限於自己,還有他人。查Liddell–Scott–Jones希英字典「anexetastos」一條,明言在柏拉圖此節當解作「without inquiry or investigation」,而非另一解法「not inquired into or examined」。按照古希臘語結構,蘇格拉底的「檢驗」是聽得到的(所以他不能沉默),我因此在中譯補上「審問」二字。這樣理解,才得蘇氏金句的本意。
所以,我觉得冯的这个说法才是有点道理的,就是,这里的unexamined这个英译就不准确了。为了考证冯的这个说法,因为我自己是不懂古希腊语的,这没办法啊,我也没空去学习古希腊语对不对,别说古希腊语,连现代希腊文我也不会去学啊。但是,我可以在谷歌一下是不是有别人也提到这个啊。所以,我就又谷歌了一下anexetastos这个词,于是又找到了另外一个外国译者对苏格拉底这个金句的英文译评https://theheraclitean.com/2014/06/01/socrates-most-famous-statement/ :
In Plato’s Apology, the account of his teacher’s defense at trial, Plato has Socrates say that “unexamined life is not worth living.” This is the standard, the ruling, translation into English. But let’s reexamine it.
First, the Greek (at 38a in the manuscripts): ὁ δὲ ἀνεξέταστος βίος οὐ βιωτὸς ἀνθρώπῳ. Sounded out, this reads “ho de anexetastos bios ou biotos anthropoi.” The life that is anexetastos is not livable; but what’s that mean?
Bios presents no difficulty: It means life–any life–and here seems plainly to mean the life we live, or perhaps the way we choose to live our lives. We moderns would have to qualify this. We know that much–most–goes unchosen in human lives, and so we might add a lawyerly phrase such as ‘to the extent we can choose’. The adjective biotos plainly comes from bios, life. It’s a very gentle play on words: a life that’s livable. Its usage tends to be negative: not to be lived, not worth living, and so on. Perhaps we moderns would say ‘not to be tolerated’ or not to be put up with. And, like Heraclitus, Socrates adds anthropoi, to humans. He thus makes the obvious point: not worth living for us, for humankind.
The decisive word in the statement is anexetastos. Exetazo still is, in modern Greek, to examine, to give an exam–a school exam rather than a Socratic one. It comes from a rare old Greek verb, etazo, which, again, means to test or inspect closely. The root of all this seems to be, etos, a form of what is, what really is. So the examination, the test, is for a kind of realism. Notoriously Socrates argued that most of us live our lives chasing after what doesn’t matter, what won’t last, what’s not real.
How then to translate the kind of examination that Socrates wants us to make–or take? Unexamined is not an ancient word in English; the OED documents its first usage (in a statute) at the end of the 15th century. Jowett’s translation in the 1890s may well have been its first coinage for Socrates. Is it the best we can do?
I’m not sure. It is a good translation, certainly, even a very good one. It tells us to do what Socrates seemed to tell his students or interlocutors to do. Think about what really matters in your life. What’s most important? We know that he thought that above all we should care for our souls. Discuss your thoughts, then, about what’s good and what’s bad for the soul, for living, trying your ideas out in conversations with others, both to get them thinking–examining–and to improve your own ideas.
Still, I think it’s not the only or even the best translation. What Socrates did was not precisely to examine himself and others. He challenged everyone. He challenged harshly, disturbingly. This led to his trial and death. The unchallenged life is the one that’s not truly livable.
Among his very last words, as Plato reports them in the Apology, were these (in Jowett’s old version): “When my sons are grown up, I would ask you, O my friends, to punish them; and I would have you trouble them, as I have troubled you, if they seem to care about riches, or anything other than about virtue; or if they pretend to be something when they are really nothing, – then reprove them, as I have reproved you, for not caring about that for which they ought to care, and thinking that they are something when they are really nothing. And if you do this, I and my sons will have received justice at your hands.”
So: punish, trouble, reprove; do them justice; challenge them. The unchallenged life is the one that’s not worthy of us.
嗯,这下我才确认了,其实,就是本身那个unexamined就是个不完全准确的译法!然后再由各位中国学人译成,“未经反思的人生是不值得过的”这么一句看似很有哲理的话,却早已和大先贤苏格拉底的意思相差几十万光年了。
实际上,苏格拉底这句话结合他被审判的时候的陈词里,也表达了他的真实意思
只要我一息尚存,我永不停止哲学的实践,仍会向我所遇到的每一个人说:“朋友,你是伟大、强盛、以智慧著称的雅典公民,像你这样只图名利,不关心智慧和真理,不求改善自己的灵魂,难道不觉可耻吗?”
结合这个陈词来看他的“ὁ δὲ ἀνεξέταστος βίος οὐ βιωτὸς ἀνθρώπῳ. Sounded out, this reads “ho de anexetastos bios ou biotos anthropoi.” The life that is anexetastos is not livable;”这句话,不难看出,他的意思是劝青年朋友们,要去“挑战 chanllenge,审视inspect closely” life,而且这里的life不光是自己的,而是每一个人的,你的爱豆,你的老师,你的上司,你的心灵导师,anyone,everyone 所提出的那种生活。
所以,你还觉得光是反思自省就够了么?反思自省是不够的。因为anexetastos的词源etos,意思是what is, what really is。所以,他的意思是,非真的生活,虚伪的,表面光鲜的,生活模式(life style),是不值得去追随的,不值得的,没有价值的。这就回到了哲学的最基本的三个字,真善美。非真,则不善也不美。你不光要审视自己,也要去辩难别人。要有怀疑一切的精神,然后回到求真务实的道路上来。
所以,王老师说了:
“真善美 假恶丑 为什么要这样顺序呢?靠假撑起来的“美”,仍然是又恶而丑。”
然而我们生活中接触到的则是更多的是各种造谣传播正能量的,瞎逼逼洗脑的东西。就是说那些造谣传播正能量的,在译文中扭曲增加各种自己的私货的,都是不值得的,没有价值的。
顺便发一下下面这几条集中的微博截图:
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